annotations

Annotated Bibliography

Jarrett Johnson

SOURCES FOR RESEARCH PAPER.

~~~Beresin, Eugene. “Inside Out, Outside In: Violent Video Games and Movies Causing Violent Behavior” Psychologytoday. Sussex Publishers, Dec 22, 2012. Web. Feb, 2014.

Groups like the National Rifle Association and powerful political figures such as Mitt Romney claim that violence in media and video games are the main cause of mass violence not unlike the Columbine and Virginia Tech shootings.  There is little evidence that supports them on their theories and even more evidence against what they believe. This article will help me build general facts showing that violence in media is not the culprit.

~~~Rivas, Anthony. “Does Violent Media Lead To Violence? Studies Link Graphic Images To Impulsive Behavior and Aggression” Medicaldaily. Ibt Media Inc., 4 Aug, 2013. Web. Feb, 2014.

Video games are always under constant scrutiny for their violent nature. Especially from organizations like MAVVG (Mothers Against Violent Video Games). They blame violent video games for causing real life violence. Others combat these claims by saying violent people are violent before they start playing these games. Research shows that these types of gamers have reduced ability to inhibit impulsive behavior and proactive control. This article will give me research on the effects of violent video games on controlled subjects.

~~~Dr. Samenow, Stanton. “Inside the Criminal Mind: Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime” Psychologytoday. Sussex Publishers, Feb 24, 2012. Web. Feb, 2014.

The assumption of playing violent video games and/or witnessing crime on television desensitizes its viewers to become violent criminals is absurd. People that are into these violent games and shows are already interested in these kinds of things and it only reflects their personality. Yes there are copycat crimes, but these criminals that might recreate crimes from their favorite movies are maybe one or two people out of millions of others that have seen the same thing but are repulsed by it. This article brings up convincing points as to how violence in media only attracts already violent people.

~~~Beresin, Eugene V. “The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents: Opportunities for Clinical Interventions.” Aacap. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2013. Web. Feb. 2014.

Violence seems to be an increasing problem in our society. Guns and explosives are easier to obtain and violence among the televised media and now the internet have been on a rise in the past recent years. There are 813 violent acts per hour on televised programs and more than 200,000 acts of violence that the average American child will be exposed to. There is a correlation between watching violence and committing it among young children through imitation. If the hero on the T.V. can be violent to save the day, then why shouldn’t the child? This article will help me with my research because it seems to be a mix of opinions and possible facts that show violent media causes violent children.

~~~“Violence in the Media – Psychologists Study TV and Video Game Violence for Potential Harmful Effects” Apa. American Psychological Association. Nov. 2013. Web. Feb. 2014.

Evidence suggests that children exposed to many hours of televised violence during their childhood are more likely to be prosecuted at a later age. Although research shows that violent media creates desensitized children, it seems to be just one of many factors that cause them to increase in aggressive behavior. This article will help with my research on what factors may cause aggression in children and the effects in their later lives. 

~~~Freedman, Jonathan. “No real evidence for TV violence causing real violence.” Firstamandmentcenter. 27 Apr, 2007. Web. Feb, 2014.

People who say that violence in media causes a rise of aggression in its viewers are both right, and misinformed at the same time. The study in 2001 reports young viewers that watch violent television became more aggressive, but only for a short amount of time. Real violence caused by violent television is not a risk factor and the latest FCC reports pick and choose what to cite causing a lot of confusion. This article will help because it seems to be less biased and wants to show the entire reports instead of just clips and pieces of the.

~~~Nauret, Rick. “In New Study, Video Games Not Tied to Violence in High-Risk Youth.” Psych Central. 2013. Web. Feb 2014.

It seems that researchers have published in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, that when adolescents with attention deficit symptoms play violent video games, the kids became calmer and had reduced aggression and bullying behavior. Although fingers are always pointed at violent video games for mass violence, researchers have found no association between the two. This article will help strengthen the side that believes violent entertainment is not the culprit.

~~~Beresin, Gene, et al. “Research Shows Violent Media Do Not Cause Violent Behavior.” Mass General. 26 Dec 2012. Web. Feb 2014.

There is a very large amount of research done showing the effects of violent television on adolescent’s behaviors, but the research doesn’t support evidence that shows that violent television is a direct cause of youth violence in our society. The F.B.I. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and The U.S. Secret Service both do not support that there is a connection between real violence and violence on television. This article will give me more information on the lack of direct evidence between actual violence and violence in the media.

~~~Soave, Robby, “Study: Violent video games do not cause real violence.” Daily Caller. 23 May 2013. Web. Feb 2014.

It seems that violence on the television does not contribute to a person’s violent behavior but the way they are raised mixed with how they are wired biologically have the defining factors. Recent studies show that “A history of teen delinquency, lower intelligence, and a history of school problems all predicted adult criminality. Media use was not associated with either increased or decreased risk of adult criminality.” This article will help me with my research paper because it includes how these violent adolescents were brought up other than just how much they played violent video games.

~~~Bineham, Jeffery L. “How does media violence influence us?” MinnPost. 7 Mar 2007. Web. Feb 2014.

Forbes speaks of studies where the more hours that are put into watching violent television, the more violent the viewer will become and that “findings are consistent with a causal association.” Susan Perry, on the other hand, cites that many studies show that violent behavior does not increase from playing violent video games. The biggest problem is with these arguments is that there is really no specifics on what aggression exactly is and what accounts for violent television. This article will help me with my paper because it is focusing less on the actual arguments and their results and looking at the wording instead and how it could be misinterpreted by each side of the argument.

~~~Carnagey, Nicholas L., et al. “Media Violence and Social Neuroscience: New Questions and New Opportunities.” Current Directions in Psychological Science. 16.4 (2007): 178-182. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

Violent video games are becoming more and more popular and the problem is that research has shown that exposure to any forms of violence on television can increase aggressive behavior through arousal, cognitions, and affect. Scientists are able to understand the interactions of physiological and psychological mechanisms now more than ever and certain questions regarding the development of violent video games can now be answered. I will use this source to show the prediction and the possible outcome of the General Aggression Model.

~~~Felson, Richard B. “Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior.” Annual Review of Sociology. 22 (1996): 103-128. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

Violence has always been a hugely popular form of entertainment to humans. The Romans had Gladiator battles and the Middle East has their cockfights. Technology has created a way for almost anyone to be part of an audience to some sort of violence and researchers believe that there is some type of connection to the rise in television violence and real life violent crime. This source will help explain the causal effect in the rise of violent crimes with the rise of violent television.

~~~Anderson, Craig A., et al. “The Influence of Media Violence on Youth.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 4.3 (2003): 81-110. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

When youth is exposed to media violence (such as television and video games) in both short-term and long-term, both physical and verbal aggressive behaviors are more likely to show in those particular adolescents. Studies are showing that these exposures may even affect these children later in life from them causing violent crimes as adults. This source will help show the link between adolescents being exposed to violent media and how it affects their adulthood.

~~~Anderson, Craig A., et al. “Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature.” Psychological Science. 12.5 (2001): 353-359. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

Doug Lowenstein who is the president of the Interactive Digital Software Association believes that all these accusations that violent entertainment and media is the cause of mass shootings is absolutely ludicrous and there is no evidence supporting the relationships between them. Although he may be right that there is very little evidence to show the direct relationship between them, there is a decent amount of evidence showing that exposure to violent television will increase aggressive behavior in it’s viewers. This study will help expand on my argument that violent television does in fact increase aggression.

~~~Collier, Joel E., et al. “Exposure of Violent Video Games to Children and Public Policy Implications.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 27.1 (2008): 107-112. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

With all the accusations of violent video causing children to commit crimes and the research showing that exposure to violent video games can increase violence, states across the nation have been trying to find ways to restrict access of mature rated games to adolescents with little to no success. This article shows the political side and the public policy implications which is a fresh look at what kind of politics were behind the restriction of these violent video games and why.

~~~Anderson, Craig A., et al. “The Effects of Reward and Punishment in Violent Video Games on Aggressive Affect, Cognition, and Behavior.” Psychological Science. 16.11 (2005): 882-889. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

There are many different beliefs and accusations of what exposure to violent

video games may do to adolescents. With all these different speculations, studies have made one thing crystal clear: exposure to violent video games increases aggressive affect, and aggressive behavior. This article will help my paper because it makes it clear that violent video games affect aggression and not bringing anything else into the equation.

~~~Harnagel, Timothy F., et al. “Television Violence and Violent Behavior.” Social Forces. 54.2 (1975): 341-351. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

It is widely believed that people who view violence on television will more likely end up engaging in a violent or criminal, act or behavior. There has been a tremendous amount of research done to answer these questions but it seems that each study has inconsistent research with one another. This article will be a good insight to the conclusions of many different studies and it will show how they are very inconsistent to each other.

~~~Cook, Thomas D., et al. “The Implicit Assumptions of Television Research: An Analysis of the 1982 NIMH Report on Television and Behavior.” The Public Opinion Quarterly. 47.2 (1983): 161-201. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

The surgeon-general was ordered to look into the direct relationship between television violence and aggression in children in 1969. The Scientific Advisory Committee that was appointed found and stated in a 1972 report that violence in television does cause aggression in some children. This article will show evidence and finding in an old report that show that aggression does increase in children when exposed to violent television.

~~~Johnson, Jeffery G., et al. “Television Viewing and Aggressive Behavior during Adolescence and Adulthood.” Science. 295.5564 (2002): 2468-2471. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

This article shows a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals and their television habits and how aggressive they were. This research article will give me the numbers and outcomes to show if aggressive behavior is directly related to television viewing and how it affects adolescents and adults.

~~~Anderson, Daniel R., et al. “Early Childhood Television Viewing and Adolescent behavior: The Recontact Study.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 66.1 (2001): i-viii+1-154. JSTOR. Web. Feb 2014.

The goal of this 570 adolescent study was to find relationships between their television viewing habits and how they interacted and faired in every day activities and life in general. Not only was aggression looked at, but participation with others, use of substances, self image and some other similar things of that nature. This study will help with my research because it gives more information than just how aggression is affected.